Microorganisms and other elements in urine
Microorganisms Bacteria The urinary infection is the most frequently observed anomaly in urinary microscopy. The presence of many w…
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Confirmatory tests for crystals in urine
Introduction The aim of these tests is to confirm the identity of crystals. These tests are rarely used, and only if indicated by a clinical si…
Drug related crystalluria - Iatrogenic crystalluria
The presence of iatrogenic crystals is a rare event. Except for the Indinavir crystal, a light crystalluria due to a medication or from a c…
Rare crystals
Several crystals are found only rarely in the urine. Often these crystals are difficult to differentiate from some particular shapes of a "usual…
Phosphate crystals
Amorphous phosphates Amorphous phosphates is the name given to a granular precipitate containing calcium and phosphate in an alkali…
Uric acids and amorphous urates
Uric acid Uric acid crystallizes in the orthorombic system. Uric acid crystals can appear under several shapes. The classic crystals …
Calcium oxalates
In the urinary sediment, one can find two forms of calcium oxalate crystals. The most frequent form is the di-hydrated calcium oxalat…