Introduction to Bacteriology
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that lack a nuclear membrane, are metabolically active and divide by binary fission. Medically they are a…
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Acquired Defects
Protein-Calorie Malnutrition Protein-calorie malnutrition is the leading cause of immune deficiency in the world.…
Immune Deficiencies
Immune deficiencies may be due to genetic or acquired defects, and these defects lead to increased risks to certain infectious diseas…
Maternal Immunologic Agents Transferred to the Recipient Infant
The mother transmits immune factors to the offspring both through the placenta and milk. Large quantities of IgG are transmitted via …
Ontogeny of Immunity
There is an orderly development of the immune system during the intrauterine period. Pluripotent stem cells appear first in the yolk …
Diseases Due to Immune Responses to Infectious Agents
Five major types of immune responses to infecting agents may lead to disease. 1) Circulating immune complexes formed from microbial a…
Defense against Infections
Cutaneous and Mucosal Defense The first line of defense against most potential pathogens is the skin and mucous m…