Ebola virus disease
Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV)
Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV)
Reston ebolavirus (RESTV)
Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV)
Ebolavirus Tai Forest (TAFV).
BDBV, SUDV EBOV and have been associated with large outbreaks in Africa EVD while RESTV and TAFV not have. The RESTV species found in the Philippines and the People's Republic of China, can infect humans, but not the disease or death in humans from this species has been reported to date.
transmission
Ebola is introduced into the human population through contact with blood, secretions, organs or other body fluids of infected animals. In Africa, the infection has been documented through the handling of infected chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines are sick, dead or in the jungle.
Then ebola extends into the community through human to human transmission, with infection as a result of direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected persons and indirect contact with contaminated fluids such environments. Burial ceremonies where mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased can also play a role in the transmission of Ebola. Men who have recovered from the disease can still spread the virus through their semen up to 7 weeks after recovery from the disease.
Health workers often have to treat infected patients with suspected or confirmed EVD. This has occurred through close contact with patients when they are not strictly practiced the infection control precautions.
Among workers in contact with pigs or monkeys infected with Ebola Reston virus, various infections have been documented in people who were clinically asymptomatic. Therefore RESTV appears less capable of causing disease in humans than other species of Ebola.
However, the only available evidenceavailable comes from healthy adult males. It would be premature to extrapolate the health effects of the virus to all population groups, such as immunocompromised persons, persons with underlying medical conditions, pregnant women and children. RESTV more studies before definitive conclusions can be drawn on pathogenicity and virulence of this virus in humans are needed.
Signs and symptoms
EVD is a severe acute viral disease often characterized by the sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. Laboratory findings include low white blood cells and platelets, and elevated liver enzymes.
People are infectious as long as his blood and secretions contain the virus. Ebola Virus was isolated from sperm 61 days after the onset of the disease in a man who was infected in a laboratory.
The incubation period, ie the time interval from the virus infection to the onset of symptoms, is 2 to 21 days.
diagnosis
Other diseases that must be ruled out before a diagnosis of EVD can be made include: malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, cholera, leptospirosis, plague, rickettsiosis, relapsing fever, meningitis, hepatitis and other viral haemorrhagic fevers.
Infections by the Ebola virus can be definitively diagnosed in a laboratory by various types of tests:
Antibody capture enzyme-linked (ELISA)
antigen detection tests
serum neutralization test
chain reaction reverse transcriptase polymerase (RT-PCR)
electron microscopy
virus isolation in cell culture.
Patient samples are an extreme biohazard; Testing must be conducted under maximum biological containment.
Vaccines and treatment
There is no licensed vaccine is available for EVD. Several vaccines are being tested, but none are available for clinical use.
Critically ill patients requiring intensive care. Patients are often dehydrated and require oral rehydration solutions containing electrolytes or intravenous fluids.
No specific treatment is available. They are testing new drug therapies.
Natural host for Ebola virus
In Africa, the fruit bats, including species of the genera Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti and Myonycteris torquata, are considered possible natural hosts of Ebola virus. As a result, the geographical distribution of Ebolaviruses may overlap with the range of fruit bats.
Ebola virus in animals
Although non-human primates have been a source of infection for humans, there are believed to be the reservoir, but rather an accidental host as human beings. Since 1994, outbreaks of Ebola and TAFV EBOV species have been observed in chimpanzees and gorillas.
RESTV has caused serious outbreaks EVD in macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) grown in the Philippines and detected in monkeys imported into the USA in 1989, 1990 and 1996, and in monkeys imported from the Philippines to Italy in 1992.
Since 2008, RESTV virus have been detected during outbreaks of a deadly disease in pigs in the People's Republic of China and the Philippines. Asymptomatic infection in pigs has been reported and experimental inoculations have shown that RESTV cannot cause disease in pigs.
Prevention and control
Reston ebolavirus control in domestic animals
No animal RESTV vaccine is available. Routine cleaning and disinfection of pig farms or mono (with sodium hypochlorite or other detergents) should be effective in inactivating the virus.
If you suspect an outbreak, the facility should be quarantined immediately. The slaughter of infected animals, with close monitoring of the burial or cremation of corpses, which are necessary to reduce the risk of transmission from animal to human. Restrict or prohibit the movement of animals from infected farms to other areas can reduce the spread of the disease.
As RESTV outbreaks in pigs and monkeys have preceded human infections, the establishment of a system of active health surveillance to detect new cases early is essential to alert the authorities of veterinary and human public health.
Reduce the risk of Ebola infection in people
In the absence of effective treatment and a human vaccine, awareness of risk factors for infection by Ebola and protective measures individuals can take is the only way to reduce human infection and death.
In Africa, for EVD outbreaks, public health messages of education for risk reduction should focus on several factors:
Reduce the risk of transmission of wildlife to person by contact with infected fruit or monkeys / apes and consumption of raw meat your bats. Animals should be handled with gloves and appropriate protective clothing. Animal products (flesh and blood) should be well cooked before consumption.
Reducing the risk of transmission from human to human in the community arising from direct or close contact with infected patients, particularly their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Gloves and appropriate personal protective equipment should be used when caring for the sick at home. Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in the hospital, and after taking care of patients at home.
Communities affected by Ebola should inform the public about the nature of the disease and the measures to contain outbreaks, including the burial of the dead. People have died from Ebola should be buried quickly and safely.
Pig farms in Africa can play a role in amplifying the infection due to the presence of fruit bats on these farms. Appropriate biosecurity measures must be in place to limit transmission. To RESTV, messages public health education should focus on reducing the risk of transmission from pigs to humans as a result of animal husbandry and slaughtering practices and unsafe consumption of fresh blood, raw milk or animal tissues. Gloves and suitable protective clothing should be worn when handling sick animals or their tissues as animal sacrifice. In regions where RESTV been reported in pigs, all animal products (blood, meat and milk) should be cooked before eating.
The infection control in health care settings
Human to human transmission of Ebola virus is primarily associated with direct or indirect contact with blood and body fluids. Transmission to health care workers has been reported when in breach of the appropriate control measures infections.
It is not always possible to identify patients with EBV early because early symptoms may be nonspecific. For this reason, it is important that the health workers consistent standard precautions apply to all patients - regardless of their diagnosis - in all work practices at all times. These include basic hands hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (depending on the risk of splashing or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe burial practices.
Health care workers who care for patients with suspected or confirmed virus Ebola must, in addition to standard precautions, apply other infection control measures to prevent exposure to blood and body fluids of the patient and without direct contact protection the environment that may be contaminated. When in close contact (within 1 meter) of patients with EBV workers for health care should wear face protection (face shield or a medical mask and glasses), a clean gown, non sterile sleeve long gloves (sterile gloves for certain procedures).
Laboratory workers are also at risk. Samples taken from suspected human cases of Ebola and animals for diagnosis should be handled by trained staff and processed in suitably equipped laboratories.
WHO response
WHO provides expertise and documentation to support research and disease control.
Recommendations for infection control while providing care to patients with Ebola hemorrhagic feversuspected or confirmed are provided: interim recommendations for infection control for care of patients with filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg) Hemorrhagic fever or suspected confirmed March 2008 This document is being updated.
WHO has established an aide-memoire on standard precautions in health care (being updated). Standard precautions are intended to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne pathogens and other. If applied universally, precautions help prevent most transmissions through exposure to blood and body fluids.
It is recommended to follow standard precautions in the care and treatment of all patients, regardless of their infection status, whether potential or confirmed. They include the basic level of infection control hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment to avoid direct contact with blood and body fluids, prevention of needlestick injuries and other sharp instruments, and a set of controlsenvironmental.
Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV)
Reston ebolavirus (RESTV)
Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV)
Ebolavirus Tai Forest (TAFV).
BDBV, SUDV EBOV and have been associated with large outbreaks in Africa EVD while RESTV and TAFV not have. The RESTV species found in the Philippines and the People's Republic of China, can infect humans, but not the disease or death in humans from this species has been reported to date.
transmission
Ebola is introduced into the human population through contact with blood, secretions, organs or other body fluids of infected animals. In Africa, the infection has been documented through the handling of infected chimpanzees, gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines are sick, dead or in the jungle.
Then ebola extends into the community through human to human transmission, with infection as a result of direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected persons and indirect contact with contaminated fluids such environments. Burial ceremonies where mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased can also play a role in the transmission of Ebola. Men who have recovered from the disease can still spread the virus through their semen up to 7 weeks after recovery from the disease.
Health workers often have to treat infected patients with suspected or confirmed EVD. This has occurred through close contact with patients when they are not strictly practiced the infection control precautions.
Among workers in contact with pigs or monkeys infected with Ebola Reston virus, various infections have been documented in people who were clinically asymptomatic. Therefore RESTV appears less capable of causing disease in humans than other species of Ebola.
However, the only available evidenceavailable comes from healthy adult males. It would be premature to extrapolate the health effects of the virus to all population groups, such as immunocompromised persons, persons with underlying medical conditions, pregnant women and children. RESTV more studies before definitive conclusions can be drawn on pathogenicity and virulence of this virus in humans are needed.
Signs and symptoms
EVD is a severe acute viral disease often characterized by the sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding. Laboratory findings include low white blood cells and platelets, and elevated liver enzymes.
People are infectious as long as his blood and secretions contain the virus. Ebola Virus was isolated from sperm 61 days after the onset of the disease in a man who was infected in a laboratory.
The incubation period, ie the time interval from the virus infection to the onset of symptoms, is 2 to 21 days.
diagnosis
Other diseases that must be ruled out before a diagnosis of EVD can be made include: malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, cholera, leptospirosis, plague, rickettsiosis, relapsing fever, meningitis, hepatitis and other viral haemorrhagic fevers.
Infections by the Ebola virus can be definitively diagnosed in a laboratory by various types of tests:
Antibody capture enzyme-linked (ELISA) antigen detection tests
serum neutralization test
chain reaction reverse transcriptase polymerase (RT-PCR)
electron microscopy
virus isolation in cell culture.
Patient samples are an extreme biohazard; Testing must be conducted under maximum biological containment.
Vaccines and treatment
There is no licensed vaccine is available for EVD. Several vaccines are being tested, but none are available for clinical use.
Critically ill patients requiring intensive care. Patients are often dehydrated and require oral rehydration solutions containing electrolytes or intravenous fluids.
No specific treatment is available. They are testing new drug therapies.
Natural host for Ebola virus
In Africa, the fruit bats, including species of the genera Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti and Myonycteris torquata, are considered possible natural hosts of Ebola virus. As a result, the geographical distribution of Ebolaviruses may overlap with the range of fruit bats.
Ebola virus in animals
Although non-human primates have been a source of infection for humans, there are believed to be the reservoir, but rather an accidental host as human beings. Since 1994, outbreaks of Ebola and TAFV EBOV species have been observed in chimpanzees and gorillas.
RESTV has caused serious outbreaks EVD in macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) grown in the Philippines and detected in monkeys imported into the USA in 1989, 1990 and 1996, and in monkeys imported from the Philippines to Italy in 1992.
Since 2008, RESTV virus have been detected during outbreaks of a deadly disease in pigs in the People's Republic of China and the Philippines. Asymptomatic infection in pigs has been reported and experimental inoculations have shown that RESTV cannot cause disease in pigs.
Prevention and control
Reston ebolavirus control in domestic animals
No animal RESTV vaccine is available. Routine cleaning and disinfection of pig farms or mono (with sodium hypochlorite or other detergents) should be effective in inactivating the virus.
If you suspect an outbreak, the facility should be quarantined immediately. The slaughter of infected animals, with close monitoring of the burial or cremation of corpses, which are necessary to reduce the risk of transmission from animal to human. Restrict or prohibit the movement of animals from infected farms to other areas can reduce the spread of the disease.
As RESTV outbreaks in pigs and monkeys have preceded human infections, the establishment of a system of active health surveillance to detect new cases early is essential to alert the authorities of veterinary and human public health.
Reduce the risk of Ebola infection in people
In the absence of effective treatment and a human vaccine, awareness of risk factors for infection by Ebola and protective measures individuals can take is the only way to reduce human infection and death.
In Africa, for EVD outbreaks, public health messages of education for risk reduction should focus on several factors:
Reduce the risk of transmission of wildlife to person by contact with infected fruit or monkeys / apes and consumption of raw meat your bats. Animals should be handled with gloves and appropriate protective clothing. Animal products (flesh and blood) should be well cooked before consumption.
Reducing the risk of transmission from human to human in the community arising from direct or close contact with infected patients, particularly their body fluids. Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided. Gloves and appropriate personal protective equipment should be used when caring for the sick at home. Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in the hospital, and after taking care of patients at home.
Communities affected by Ebola should inform the public about the nature of the disease and the measures to contain outbreaks, including the burial of the dead. People have died from Ebola should be buried quickly and safely.
Pig farms in Africa can play a role in amplifying the infection due to the presence of fruit bats on these farms. Appropriate biosecurity measures must be in place to limit transmission. To RESTV, messages public health education should focus on reducing the risk of transmission from pigs to humans as a result of animal husbandry and slaughtering practices and unsafe consumption of fresh blood, raw milk or animal tissues. Gloves and suitable protective clothing should be worn when handling sick animals or their tissues as animal sacrifice. In regions where RESTV been reported in pigs, all animal products (blood, meat and milk) should be cooked before eating.
The infection control in health care settings
Human to human transmission of Ebola virus is primarily associated with direct or indirect contact with blood and body fluids. Transmission to health care workers has been reported when in breach of the appropriate control measures infections.
It is not always possible to identify patients with EBV early because early symptoms may be nonspecific. For this reason, it is important that the health workers consistent standard precautions apply to all patients - regardless of their diagnosis - in all work practices at all times. These include basic hands hygiene, respiratory hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (depending on the risk of splashing or other contact with infected materials), safe injection practices and safe burial practices.
Health care workers who care for patients with suspected or confirmed virus Ebola must, in addition to standard precautions, apply other infection control measures to prevent exposure to blood and body fluids of the patient and without direct contact protection the environment that may be contaminated. When in close contact (within 1 meter) of patients with EBV workers for health care should wear face protection (face shield or a medical mask and glasses), a clean gown, non sterile sleeve long gloves (sterile gloves for certain procedures).
Laboratory workers are also at risk. Samples taken from suspected human cases of Ebola and animals for diagnosis should be handled by trained staff and processed in suitably equipped laboratories.
WHO response
WHO provides expertise and documentation to support research and disease control.
Recommendations for infection control while providing care to patients with Ebola hemorrhagic feversuspected or confirmed are provided: interim recommendations for infection control for care of patients with filoviruses (Ebola, Marburg) Hemorrhagic fever or suspected confirmed March 2008 This document is being updated.
WHO has established an aide-memoire on standard precautions in health care (being updated). Standard precautions are intended to reduce the risk of transmission of blood borne pathogens and other. If applied universally, precautions help prevent most transmissions through exposure to blood and body fluids.
It is recommended to follow standard precautions in the care and treatment of all patients, regardless of their infection status, whether potential or confirmed. They include the basic level of infection control hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment to avoid direct contact with blood and body fluids, prevention of needlestick injuries and other sharp instruments, and a set of controlsenvironmental.
Ebola virus disease
Fact sheet N ° 103
April 2014 Updated
Data of interest
Ebola disease (EVD) virus, formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a serious, often fatal in humans.
EVD outbreaks have a mortality rate of up to 90%.
EVD outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages of Central and West Africa, near tropical forests.
The virus is transmitted to humans from wild animals and spreads in the human population through transmission from human to human.
Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural host of the Ebola virus.
Critically ill patients requiring intensive care. No specific treatment or vaccine availablelicensedfor use in humans or animals.
Ebola first appeared in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks in Nzara, Sudan, and Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The last was in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease gets its name.
GenderEbolavirus is 1 of 3 members Filoviridae (filovirus), along with gender and gender Marburgvirus Cuevavirus. Ebola virus genus contains 5 species:
Fact sheet N ° 103
April 2014 Updated
Data of interest
Ebola disease (EVD) virus, formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a serious, often fatal in humans.
EVD outbreaks have a mortality rate of up to 90%.
EVD outbreaks occur primarily in remote villages of Central and West Africa, near tropical forests.
The virus is transmitted to humans from wild animals and spreads in the human population through transmission from human to human.
Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural host of the Ebola virus.
Critically ill patients requiring intensive care. No specific treatment or vaccine availablelicensedfor use in humans or animals.
Ebola first appeared in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks in Nzara, Sudan, and Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The last was in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease gets its name.
GenderEbolavirus is 1 of 3 members Filoviridae (filovirus), along with gender and gender Marburgvirus Cuevavirus. Ebola virus genus contains 5 species: